https://necrtlr4.org/
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https://necrtlr4.org/?c33653539e92582792c11505406i99/caseh50330920y7845&sue=shared&707877446009=files&h663466n48=2625237390&i=cw&dmc=www.microsoft.com&0897569a0&cmp=horvitzlevy&0354771o7
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top: 13.98%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 33.46%; top: 13.79%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">L</span><span style="left: 34.66%; top: 13.98%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05109);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">AW</span><span style="left: 37.3%; top: 13.98%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 37.93%; top: 13.79%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">—</span><span style="left: 39.73%; top: 13.79%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 40.37%; top: 13.79%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">D</span><span style="left: 41.76%; top: 13.98%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09498);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">IGITAL</span><span style="left: 47.54%; top: 13.98%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 48.18%; top: 13.79%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">M</span><span style="left: 49.87%; top: 13.79%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 49.88%; top: 13.98%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05834);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">ILLENNIUM</span><span style="left: 59.95%; top: 13.98%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 60.57%; top: 13.79%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">C</span><span style="left: 61.86%; top: 13.98%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09377);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">OPYRIGHT</span><span style="left: 70.93%; top: 13.98%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 71.56%; top: 13.79%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">A</span><span style="left: 72.75%; top: 13.98%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10991);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">CT</span><span style="left: 75.09%; top: 13.98%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 75.73%; top: 13.79%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">—</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 15.3%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">N</span><span style="left: 23.96%; top: 15.49%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08636);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">INTH</span><span style="left: 28.45%; top: 15.49%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 29.13%; top: 15.3%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">C</span><span style="left: 30.42%; top: 15.3%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 30.43%; top: 15.49%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07296);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">IRCUIT</span><span style="left: 36.46%; top: 15.49%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 37.13%; top: 15.3%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">R</span><span style="left: 38.42%; top: 15.49%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03679);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">EQUIRES</span><span style="left: 45.98%; top: 15.49%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 46.66%; top: 15.3%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">A</span><span style="left: 47.95%; top: 15.49%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04078);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">NALYSIS</span><span style="left: 55.03%; top: 15.49%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 55.71%; top: 15.49%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04999);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">OF</span><span style="left: 58.04%; top: 15.49%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 58.73%; top: 15.3%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">F</span><span style="left: 59.78%; top: 15.49%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08115);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">AIR</span><span style="left: 62.76%; top: 15.49%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 63.44%; top: 15.3%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">U</span><span style="left: 64.83%; top: 15.49%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.995754);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">SE</span><span style="left: 66.91%; top: 15.49%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 67.58%; top: 15.3%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">B</span><span style="left: 68.87%; top: 15.49%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06699);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">EFORE</span><span style="left: 74.72%; top: 15.49%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 75.39%; top: 15.3%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">I</span><span style="left: 76.09%; top: 15.49%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.925037);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">S-</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 17.01%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01855);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">SUING</span><span style="left: 27.86%; top: 17.01%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 28.42%; top: 17.01%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04999);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">OF</span><span style="left: 30.76%; top: 17.01%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 31.33%; top: 16.82%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">T</span><span style="left: 32.47%; top: 17.01%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06658);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">AKEDOWN</span><span style="left: 41.45%; top: 17.01%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 42.02%; top: 16.82%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">N</span><span style="left: 43.51%; top: 17.01%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05173);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">OTICES</span><span style="left: 49.79%; top: 16.82%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">.</span><span style="left: 50.28%; top: 16.82%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 50.86%; top: 16.82%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">—</span><span style="left: 52.66%; top: 16.82%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 53.23%; top: 16.82%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.874919);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.</span><span style="left: 77.08%; top: 16.82%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">,</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 18.33%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.900739);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">No</span><span style="left: 24.86%; top: 18.33%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.808986);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">. 13-16106, 2016</span><span style="left: 37.35%; top: 18.33%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 37.89%; top: 18.33%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.985658);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">WL</span><span style="left: 40.88%; top: 18.33%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 41.43%; top: 18.33%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.792628);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">1056082 (9</span><span style="left: 49.68%; top: 18.33%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.880502);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">th Cir. Mar.</span><span style="left: 58.77%; top: 18.33%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 59.31%; top: 18.33%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.788657);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">17</span><span style="left: 61.12%; top: 18.33%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">,</span><span style="left: 61.57%; top: 18.33%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 62.11%; top: 18.33%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.789718);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">2016</span><span style="left: 65.72%; top: 18.33%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.747121);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">),</span><span style="left: 66.66%; top: 18.33%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 67.28%; top: 18.33%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.818081);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">reh’g en banc</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 19.85%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.842461);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">denied</span><span style="left: 27.66%; top: 19.85%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">,</span><span style="left: 28.11%; top: 19.85%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 28.72%; top: 19.85%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.8928);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">id.</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 25.06%; top: 22.88%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.915484);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">The Digital Millennium Copyright Act</span><span style="left: 56.41%; top: 22.88%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 56.42%; top: 22.93%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">1</span><span style="left: 57.07%; top: 22.93%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 57.94%; top: 22.88%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.906388);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">(DMCA) was enacted to</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 24.39%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.862304);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">modernize copyright protection for the digital age.</span><span style="left: 62.41%; top: 24.39%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 63.86%; top: 24.39%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.896532);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">In order to avoid</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 25.91%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.843003);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">liability, internet service providers (ISPs) must expeditiously respond to</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 27.42%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.861083);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">“takedown” notifications issued by copyright holders and remove con-</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 28.94%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.880194);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">tent that the holders claim infringe on copyrights.</span><span style="left: 62.6%; top: 28.94%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 62.62%; top: 28.99%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">2</span><span style="left: 63.26%; top: 28.99%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 64.85%; top: 28.94%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.885344);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">The notification</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 30.45%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.864076);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">must state that the copyright holder has a “good faith belief” that use</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 31.97%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.85973);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">of the material in question is not permissible.</span><span style="left: 58.07%; top: 31.97%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 58.08%; top: 32.02%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">3</span><span style="left: 58.73%; top: 32.02%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 60.02%; top: 31.97%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.850756);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">Parties that issue such</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 33.48%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.876134);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">notifications without a good faith belief of infringement are liable for</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 35%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.853874);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">misrepresentation under the DMCA.</span><span style="left: 50.8%; top: 35%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 50.82%; top: 35.05%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">4</span><span style="left: 51.47%; top: 35.05%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 52.63%; top: 35%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.866983);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">When sending a takedown noti-</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 36.51%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.88982);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">fication, a copyright owner has to do very little, if anything, to show</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 38.03%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.856915);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">that the material in question is actually infringing.</span><span style="left: 61.9%; top: 38.08%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">5</span><span style="left: 62.55%; top: 38.08%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 63.76%; top: 38.03%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.871312);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">As a result, many</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 39.54%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.893553);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">commentators argue that copyright holders abuse this extrajudicial</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 41.06%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.862236);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">system to censor speech they don’t like.</span><span style="left: 53.93%; top: 41.06%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 53.93%; top: 41.12%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">6</span><span style="left: 54.58%; top: 41.12%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 55.97%; top: 41.06%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.908424);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">In</span><span style="left: 57.66%; top: 41.06%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 58.36%; top: 41.06%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.825066);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">Lenz</span><span style="left: 61.95%; top: 41.06%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 62.65%; top: 41.06%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.935067);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">v.</span><span style="left: 63.93%; top: 41.06%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 64.63%; top: 41.06%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.848255);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">Universal</span><span style="left: 72.04%; top: 41.06%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 72.74%; top: 41.06%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.87474);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">Music</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 42.57%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.824035);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">Corp.</span><span style="left: 26.62%; top: 42.57%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">,</span><span style="left: 27.07%; top: 42.57%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 27.07%; top: 42.63%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">7</span><span style="left: 27.72%; top: 42.63%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 28.52%; top: 42.57%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.897773);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">the Ninth Circuit attempted to combat such abuse by ruling</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 44.09%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.886931);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">that copyright holders must first conduct an analysis of whether the</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 45.6%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.86252);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">material constitutes fair use,</span><span style="left: 45.11%; top: 45.6%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 45.11%; top: 45.66%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">8</span><span style="left: 45.75%; top: 45.66%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 46.56%; top: 45.6%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.871526);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">and therefore does not infringe, before</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 47.12%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.869735);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">issuing a takedown notification.</span><span style="left: 47.67%; top: 47.18%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">9</span><span style="left: 48.31%; top: 47.18%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 49.76%; top: 47.12%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.866809);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">However, upon closer examination,</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 48.63%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.865969);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">the court’s decision may do little to stem DMCA takedown abuse.</span><span style="left: 74.11%; top: 48.63%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 75.32%; top: 48.63%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.940494);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">By</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 50.15%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.907826);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">requiring that a plaintiff show only a lack of subjective belief of in-</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 51.66%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.875988);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">fringement, the Ninth Circuit’s decision may in fact incentivize copy-</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 53.18%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.871084);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">right holders to do as little as possible to review fair use.</span><span style="left: 67.74%; top: 53.18%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 69.12%; top: 53.18%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.890315);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">As such, it</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.6%; top: 55.6%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00159);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 24.53%; top: 57.3%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">1</span><span style="left: 25.06%; top: 57.3%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 25.76%; top: 57.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.905164);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">Pub. L. No.</span><span style="left: 32.46%; top: 57.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 32.89%; top: 57.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.785433);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">105</span><span style="left: 34.85%; top: 57.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">-</span><span style="left: 35.29%; top: 57.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.785433);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">304</span><span style="left: 37.25%; top: 57.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">,</span><span style="left: 37.57%; top: 57.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 38.01%; top: 57.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.785433);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">112</span><span style="left: 39.97%; top: 57.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 40.39%; top: 57.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.821038);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">Stat.</span><span style="left: 42.97%; top: 57.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 43.4%; top: 57.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.786925);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">2860</span><span style="left: 46.01%; top: 57.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 46.44%; top: 57.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">(</span><span style="left: 46.81%; top: 57.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.786925);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">1998</span><span style="left: 49.42%; top: 57.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.841967);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">) (codified as amended in scattered sections of the</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 58.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.861034);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">U.S. Code).</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 24.53%; top: 59.71%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">2</span><span style="left: 25.06%; top: 59.71%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 25.76%; top: 59.81%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.800997);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">See</span><span style="left: 27.72%; top: 59.81%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 28.09%; top: 59.81%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.788418);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">17</span><span style="left: 29.4%; top: 59.81%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 29.76%; top: 59.81%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.920314);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">U.S.C. §</span><span style="left: 34.45%; top: 59.81%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 34.82%; top: 59.81%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.785433);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">512</span><span style="left: 36.77%; top: 59.81%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.763667);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">(c) (</span><span style="left: 38.82%; top: 59.81%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.786925);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">2012</span><span style="left: 41.43%; top: 59.81%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.746024);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">).</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 24.53%; top: 60.9%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">3</span><span style="left: 25.06%; top: 60.9%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 25.76%; top: 61.01%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.923611);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">Id.</span><span style="left: 27.39%; top: 61.01%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 27.76%; top: 61.01%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">§</span><span style="left: 28.42%; top: 61.01%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 28.78%; top: 61.01%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.785433);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">512</span><span style="left: 30.74%; top: 61.01%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.743354);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">(c)(</span><span style="left: 32.41%; top: 61.01%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">3</span><span style="left: 33.06%; top: 61.01%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.825294);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">)(A)(v).</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 24.53%; top: 62.11%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">4</span><span style="left: 25.06%; top: 62.11%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 25.76%; top: 62.21%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.923611);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">Id.</span><span style="left: 27.39%; top: 62.21%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 27.77%; top: 62.21%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">§</span><span style="left: 28.43%; top: 62.21%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 28.79%; top: 62.21%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.789413);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">512</span><span style="left: 30.75%; top: 62.21%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.849552);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">(f) (“Any person who knowingly materially misrepresents . . . that material or activ-</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 63.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.837341);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">ity is infringing . . . shall be liable for any damages . . . incurred by the alleged infringer . . . .”).</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 24.53%; top: 64.5%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">5</span><span style="left: 25.06%; top: 64.5%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 25.76%; top: 64.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.800997);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">See</span><span style="left: 27.72%; top: 64.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 28.16%; top: 64.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.885281);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">Rossi v. Motion Picture Ass’n of Am.,</span><span style="left: 49.65%; top: 64.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 50.09%; top: 64.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.789413);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">391</span><span style="left: 52.05%; top: 64.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 52.48%; top: 64.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.924652);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">F.</span><span style="left: 53.52%; top: 64.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">3</span><span style="left: 54.17%; top: 64.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">d</span><span style="left: 54.89%; top: 64.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 55.33%; top: 64.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.786925);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">1000</span><span style="left: 57.94%; top: 64.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">,</span><span style="left: 58.27%; top: 64.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 58.71%; top: 64.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.786925);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">1004</span><span style="left: 61.32%; top: 64.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 61.74%; top: 64.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">(</span><span style="left: 62.12%; top: 64.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">9</span><span style="left: 62.77%; top: 64.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.890271);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">th Cir.</span><span style="left: 66.41%; top: 64.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 66.84%; top: 64.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.786925);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">2004</span><span style="left: 69.45%; top: 64.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.851998);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">) (holding that</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 65.81%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.840465);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">the copyright holder need only have a subjective good faith belief that the material is infringing).</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 24.53%; top: 66.9%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">6</span><span style="left: 25.06%; top: 66.9%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 25.76%; top: 67.01%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.846337);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">See, e.g.</span><span style="left: 30.59%; top: 67.01%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.956538);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">, Jennifer M. Urban & Laura Quilter,</span><span style="left: 53.61%; top: 67.01%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 54.34%; top: 67.01%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.907457);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">Efficient Process or “Chilling Effects”?</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 68.2%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.845884);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">Takedown Notices Under Section</span><span style="left: 41.16%; top: 68.2%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 41.55%; top: 68.2%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.785433);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">512</span><span style="left: 43.5%; top: 68.2%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 43.88%; top: 68.2%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.860817);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act</span><span style="left: 66.46%; top: 68.2%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">,</span><span style="left: 66.79%; top: 68.2%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 67.17%; top: 68.2%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.788418);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">22</span><span style="left: 68.48%; top: 68.2%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 68.84%; top: 68.2%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">S</span><span style="left: 69.57%; top: 68.2%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 69.58%; top: 68.35%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08802);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">ANTA</span><span style="left: 72.96%; top: 68.35%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 73.27%; top: 68.2%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">C</span><span style="left: 74.22%; top: 68.2%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 74.23%; top: 68.35%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08883);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">LARA</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 69.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">C</span><span style="left: 23.41%; top: 69.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 23.42%; top: 69.55%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05548);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">OMPUTER</span><span style="left: 29.56%; top: 69.55%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 30.25%; top: 69.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">&</span><span style="left: 31.2%; top: 69.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 31.9%; top: 69.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">H</span><span style="left: 32.99%; top: 69.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 32.99%; top: 69.55%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06082);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">IGH</span><span style="left: 35.31%; top: 69.55%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 36.01%; top: 69.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">T</span><span style="left: 36.95%; top: 69.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 36.96%; top: 69.55%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05425);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">ECH</span><span style="left: 39.6%; top: 69.55%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 39.61%; top: 69.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">.</span><span style="left: 39.93%; top: 69.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 40.63%; top: 69.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00119);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">L.J.</span><span style="left: 42.75%; top: 69.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 43.5%; top: 69.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.789413);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">621</span><span style="left: 45.46%; top: 69.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">,</span><span style="left: 45.79%; top: 69.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 46.55%; top: 69.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.785433);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">681</span><span style="left: 48.51%; top: 69.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">–</span><span style="left: 49.16%; top: 69.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.788418);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">82</span><span style="left: 50.47%; top: 69.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 51.22%; top: 69.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">(</span><span style="left: 51.59%; top: 69.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.786925);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">2006</span><span style="left: 54.2%; top: 69.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.922588);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">); Benjamin Wilson, Comment,</span><span style="left: 72.74%; top: 69.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 73.5%; top: 69.41%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.840613);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">Notice,</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 70.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.859967);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">Takedown, and the Good-Faith Standard</span><span style="left: 45.44%; top: 70.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">,</span><span style="left: 45.77%; top: 70.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 46.14%; top: 70.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.788418);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">29</span><span style="left: 47.45%; top: 70.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 47.8%; top: 70.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">S</span><span style="left: 48.53%; top: 70.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 48.54%; top: 70.75%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">T</span><span style="left: 49.23%; top: 70.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">.</span><span style="left: 49.55%; top: 70.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 49.85%; top: 70.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">L</span><span style="left: 50.72%; top: 70.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 50.74%; top: 70.75%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0032);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">OUIS</span><span style="left: 53.65%; top: 70.75%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 53.96%; top: 70.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.958348);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">U.</span><span style="left: 55.3%; top: 70.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 55.61%; top: 70.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">P</span><span style="left: 56.4%; top: 70.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 56.41%; top: 70.75%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04234);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">UB</span><span style="left: 58.15%; top: 70.75%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 58.16%; top: 70.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">.</span><span style="left: 58.48%; top: 70.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 58.78%; top: 70.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.943248);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">L.</span><span style="left: 59.99%; top: 70.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 60.29%; top: 70.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">R</span><span style="left: 61.24%; top: 70.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 61.25%; top: 70.75%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08106);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">EV</span><span style="left: 62.76%; top: 70.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">.</span><span style="left: 63.09%; top: 70.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 63.47%; top: 70.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.785433);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">613</span><span style="left: 65.43%; top: 70.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">,</span><span style="left: 65.76%; top: 70.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 66.13%; top: 70.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.785433);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">614</span><span style="left: 68.09%; top: 70.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">–</span><span style="left: 68.74%; top: 70.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.788418);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">15</span><span style="left: 70.04%; top: 70.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 70.41%; top: 70.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">(</span><span style="left: 70.78%; top: 70.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.786925);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">2010</span><span style="left: 73.39%; top: 70.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.746024);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">).</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 24.53%; top: 71.7%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">7</span><span style="left: 25.06%; top: 71.7%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 25.76%; top: 71.8%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.904084);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">No</span><span style="left: 27.5%; top: 71.8%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.807821);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">. 13-16106, 2016</span><span style="left: 36.57%; top: 71.8%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 36.97%; top: 71.8%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.985382);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">WL</span><span style="left: 39.14%; top: 71.8%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 39.55%; top: 71.8%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.792794);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">1056082 (9</span><span style="left: 45.54%; top: 71.8%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.882452);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">th Cir. Mar.</span><span style="left: 52.17%; top: 71.8%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 52.57%; top: 71.8%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.799055);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">17, 2016</span><span style="left: 57.21%; top: 71.8%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.838406);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">) (amending, superseding, and deny-</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 73.01%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.831174);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">ing rehearing en banc to</span><span style="left: 36.06%; top: 73.01%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 36.43%; top: 73.01%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.853732);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.</span><span style="left: 53.34%; top: 73.01%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">,</span><span style="left: 53.67%; top: 73.01%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 54.04%; top: 73.01%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.785433);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">801</span><span style="left: 56%; top: 73.01%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 56.36%; top: 73.01%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.924652);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">F.</span><span style="left: 57.4%; top: 73.01%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">3</span><span style="left: 58.05%; top: 73.01%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">d</span><span style="left: 58.77%; top: 73.01%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 59.15%; top: 73.01%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.786925);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">1126</span><span style="left: 61.76%; top: 73.01%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 62.12%; top: 73.01%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">(</span><span style="left: 62.49%; top: 73.01%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">9</span><span style="left: 63.14%; top: 73.01%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.875536);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">th Cir.</span><span style="left: 66.72%; top: 73.01%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 67.09%; top: 73.01%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.786925);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">2015</span><span style="left: 69.7%; top: 73.01%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.734597);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">)).</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 24.53%; top: 74.1%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">8</span><span style="left: 25.06%; top: 74.1%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 25.76%; top: 74.2%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.879889);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">Fair use is evaluated along four metrics: (</span><span style="left: 50.15%; top: 74.2%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">1</span><span style="left: 50.79%; top: 74.2%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.876385);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">) the “purpose and character of the use,” with</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 75.4%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.840533);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">consideration to whether the purpose is commercial or nonprofit; (</span><span style="left: 59.75%; top: 75.4%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">2</span><span style="left: 60.4%; top: 75.4%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.838009);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">) the nature of the copyrighted</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 76.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.794345);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">piece; (</span><span style="left: 26.4%; top: 76.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">3</span><span style="left: 27.05%; top: 76.61%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.843523);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">) “the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 77.8%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.837581);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">a whole”; and (</span><span style="left: 30.91%; top: 77.8%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">4</span><span style="left: 31.56%; top: 77.8%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.839606);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">) the effect of the use on the copyrighted work’s market value.</span><span style="left: 66.3%; top: 77.8%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 67.04%; top: 77.8%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.788418);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">17</span><span style="left: 68.35%; top: 77.8%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 68.72%; top: 77.8%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.921236);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">U.S.C. §</span><span style="left: 73.4%; top: 77.8%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 73.77%; top: 77.8%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.785433);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">107</span><span style="left: 75.74%; top: 77.8%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">.</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 24.53%; top: 78.9%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">9</span><span style="left: 25.06%; top: 78.9%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 25.76%; top: 79%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.823886);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">Lenz</span><span style="left: 28.37%; top: 79%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">,</span><span style="left: 28.7%; top: 79%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 29.22%; top: 79%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.786925);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">2016</span><span style="left: 31.83%; top: 79%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 32.33%; top: 79%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.985382);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">WL</span><span style="left: 34.51%; top: 79%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 35.03%; top: 79%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.786229);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">1056082,</span><span style="left: 39.92%; top: 79%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 40.44%; top: 79%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.94962);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">at *</span><span style="left: 42.7%; top: 79%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">6</span><span style="left: 43.34%; top: 79%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">.</span><span style="left: 43.67%; top: 79%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 44.7%; top: 79%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.870175);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">The fair use doctrine permits limited uses of copyrighted</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 80.2%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.841981);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">material without permission from copyright holders.</span><div class="endOfContent"></div></div><div class="annotationLayer" hidden=""></div><div class="annotationEditorLayer" tabindex="0" style="pointer-events: none; width: calc(var(--scale-factor) * 612px); height: calc(var(--scale-factor) * 792px);" data-main-rotation="0" hidden=""></div></div><div class="page" data-page-number="2" role="region" style="width: calc(var(--scale-factor) * 612px); height: calc(var(--scale-factor) * 792px);" aria-label="Page 2" data-loaded="true"><div class="canvasWrapper"><canvas role="presentation" style="width: 1020px; height: 1320px;" width="1020" height="1320"></canvas></div><div class="textLayer" style="width: calc(var(--scale-factor) * 612px); height: calc(var(--scale-factor) * 792px);" data-main-rotation="0"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 10.74%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.789718);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">2290</span><span style="left: 26.07%; top: 10.74%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 40.75%; top: 10.98%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*8.52px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.986555);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">HARVARD LAW REVIEW</span><span style="left: 58.08%; top: 10.98%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*8.52px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 69.15%; top: 10.98%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*8.52px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.86359);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">[Vol.</span><span style="left: 71.86%; top: 10.98%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*8.52px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 72.22%; top: 10.98%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*8.52px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.785978);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">129</span><span style="left: 74.29%; top: 10.98%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*8.52px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">:</span><span style="left: 74.65%; top: 10.98%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*8.52px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.783227);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">2289</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 13.85%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.871041);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">seems to encourage exactly the kind of abuse it was trying to stem —</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 15.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.863043);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">that of reckless and careless issuing of DMCA takedown requests.</span><span style="left: 74.5%; top: 15.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 75.82%; top: 15.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.913621);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">In</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 16.88%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.853006);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">order to stem such abuse more effectively, the court should have inter-</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 18.39%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.891087);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">preted the DMCA’s “knowing” misrepresentation requirement to in-</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 19.91%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.849265);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">clude representations recklessly made without sufficient procedures to</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 21.42%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.848738);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">form a good faith belief about fair use.</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 25.06%; top: 22.94%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.873742);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">In February</span><span style="left: 34.45%; top: 22.94%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 35%; top: 22.94%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.789718);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">2007</span><span style="left: 38.6%; top: 22.94%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.855218);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">, Stephanie Lenz made a home video of her young</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 24.45%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.888498);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">children dancing in her kitchen, in which the song “Let’s Go Crazy,”</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 25.97%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.879501);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">by the musical artist Prince, “can be heard for approximately twenty</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 27.48%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.849492);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">seconds, albeit with . . . poor sound quality.”</span><span style="left: 56.77%; top: 27.54%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.961031);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">10</span><span style="left: 58.07%; top: 27.54%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 59.18%; top: 27.48%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.854898);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">Lenz then uploaded the</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 29%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.876477);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">video to YouTube to “shar[e] . . . with friends and family.”</span><span style="left: 68.25%; top: 29.05%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.961031);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">11</span><span style="left: 69.55%; top: 29.05%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 70.87%; top: 29%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.912399);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">On June</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 30.51%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">4</span><span style="left: 23.37%; top: 30.51%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.862272);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">, Universal Music Corporation (Universal), which owns the copyright</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 32.03%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.889071);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">to the song, sent YouTube a DMCA takedown notice requesting that</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 33.54%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.853631);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">Lenz’s video be removed due to copyright infringement.</span><span style="left: 66.1%; top: 33.54%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 66.12%; top: 33.6%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.961031);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">12</span><span style="left: 67.41%; top: 33.6%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 68.56%; top: 33.54%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.853924);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">“The notice</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 35.06%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.930027);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">included a ‘good faith belief’ statement as required by</span><span style="left: 68.6%; top: 35.06%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 69.65%; top: 35.06%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.784409);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">17</span><span style="left: 71.44%; top: 35.06%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 72.49%; top: 35.06%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.910675);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">U.S.C.</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 36.57%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">§</span><span style="left: 23.37%; top: 36.57%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 23.9%; top: 36.57%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.789364);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">512</span><span style="left: 26.61%; top: 36.57%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.739285);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">(c)(</span><span style="left: 28.9%; top: 36.57%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">3</span><span style="left: 29.8%; top: 36.57%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.833469);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">)(A)(v) . . . .”</span><span style="left: 39.21%; top: 36.63%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.961031);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">13</span><span style="left: 40.5%; top: 36.63%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 41.85%; top: 36.57%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.884431);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">After YouTube removed the video, Lenz sent</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 38.09%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.902325);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">a DMCA counter-notification</span><span style="left: 46.04%; top: 38.09%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 46.05%; top: 38.15%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.961031);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">14</span><span style="left: 47.34%; top: 38.15%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 48.34%; top: 38.09%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.927009);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">claiming the video did not infringe</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 39.6%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.866415);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">since it constituted a fair use of Prince’s song; YouTube then restored</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 41.12%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.847703);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">the video.</span><span style="left: 30.04%; top: 41.12%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 30.04%; top: 41.18%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.961031);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">15</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 25.06%; top: 42.63%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.87022);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">Lenz filed suit in the Northern District of California, claiming Uni-</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 44.15%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.89949);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">versal misrepresented, in violation of the DMCA, that it had a good</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 45.66%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.867145);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">faith belief her video was infringing.</span><span style="left: 51.24%; top: 45.66%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 51.25%; top: 45.72%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.961031);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">16</span><span style="left: 52.54%; top: 45.72%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 53.83%; top: 45.66%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.876581);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">The district court denied Uni-</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 47.18%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.893016);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">versal’s motion to dismiss, holding that “fair use is a lawful use of a</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 48.69%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.828606);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">copyright,”</span><span style="left: 30.91%; top: 48.75%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.961031);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">17</span><span style="left: 32.21%; top: 48.75%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 32.8%; top: 48.69%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.848803);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">and therefore, a “[copyright] owner must evaluate wheth-</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 50.21%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.887407);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">er the material makes fair use of the copyright” in order to properly</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 51.73%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.862295);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">state a good faith belief of infringement.</span><span style="left: 54.25%; top: 51.78%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.961031);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">18</span><span style="left: 55.54%; top: 51.78%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 56.85%; top: 51.72%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.8699);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">After several years of pro-</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.6%; top: 54.55%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*10.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00159);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 24%; top: 56.26%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.786408);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">10</span><span style="left: 25.06%; top: 56.26%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 25.76%; top: 56.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.878354);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.,</span><span style="left: 43.53%; top: 56.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 43.96%; top: 56.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.785433);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">572</span><span style="left: 45.92%; top: 56.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 46.33%; top: 56.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.87646);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">F. Supp.</span><span style="left: 51.02%; top: 56.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 51.46%; top: 56.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">2</span><span style="left: 52.11%; top: 56.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">d</span><span style="left: 52.83%; top: 56.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 53.26%; top: 56.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.786925);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">1150</span><span style="left: 55.87%; top: 56.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">,</span><span style="left: 56.2%; top: 56.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 56.63%; top: 56.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.786925);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">1152</span><span style="left: 59.24%; top: 56.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 59.67%; top: 56.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.909671);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">(N.D. Cal.</span><span style="left: 65.5%; top: 56.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 65.92%; top: 56.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.786925);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">2008</span><span style="left: 68.53%; top: 56.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.840705);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">) (citing Stepha-</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 57.56%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.850233);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">nie Lenz,</span><span style="left: 27.59%; top: 57.56%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 27.96%; top: 57.56%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.817537);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">“Let’s Go Crazy” #</span><span style="left: 38.24%; top: 57.56%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">1</span><span style="left: 38.88%; top: 57.56%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01142);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">, Y</span><span style="left: 40.48%; top: 57.71%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02009);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">OU</span><span style="left: 42.28%; top: 57.71%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 42.29%; top: 57.56%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">T</span><span style="left: 43.24%; top: 57.56%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 43.25%; top: 57.71%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05374);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">UBE</span><span style="left: 45.82%; top: 57.71%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 46.19%; top: 57.56%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.845733);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">(Feb.</span><span style="left: 49.03%; top: 57.56%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 49.4%; top: 57.56%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">7</span><span style="left: 50.05%; top: 57.56%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">,</span><span style="left: 50.37%; top: 57.56%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 50.75%; top: 57.56%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.783941);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">2007</span><span style="left: 53.35%; top: 57.56%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.856651);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N</span><span style="left: 75.85%; top: 57.56%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">1</span><span style="left: 76.52%; top: 57.56%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">K</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 58.77%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.698524);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">f J H F W l hQ).</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 24%; top: 59.86%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.786408);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">11</span><span style="left: 25.06%; top: 59.86%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 25.76%; top: 59.96%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.965715);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">Id</span><span style="left: 27.07%; top: 59.96%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">.</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 24%; top: 61.05%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.786408);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">12</span><span style="left: 25.06%; top: 61.05%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 25.76%; top: 61.16%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.923611);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">Id.</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 24%; top: 62.26%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.786408);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">13</span><span style="left: 25.06%; top: 62.26%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 25.76%; top: 62.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.800997);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">See</span><span style="left: 27.72%; top: 62.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 28.16%; top: 62.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.826647);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">Lenz</span><span style="left: 30.77%; top: 62.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">,</span><span style="left: 31.1%; top: 62.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 31.54%; top: 62.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.786925);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">2016</span><span style="left: 34.15%; top: 62.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 34.6%; top: 62.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.985382);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">WL</span><span style="left: 36.77%; top: 62.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 37.22%; top: 62.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.786564);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">1056082,</span><span style="left: 42.11%; top: 62.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 42.56%; top: 62.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.920617);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">at *</span><span style="left: 44.74%; top: 62.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">2</span><span style="left: 45.39%; top: 62.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 45.82%; top: 62.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.865264);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">(“We have a good faith belief that the . . . activity is not</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 63.56%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.909044);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">authorized by the copyright owner, its agent, or the law.” (quoting Email from Alina Moffat,</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 64.76%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.869105);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">Assoc. Dir., Bus. Affairs, Universal Music Publ’g Grp., to YouTube.com, copyright@youtube.com</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 65.96%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.853047);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">(June</span><span style="left: 25.44%; top: 65.96%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 25.81%; top: 65.96%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">4</span><span style="left: 26.46%; top: 65.96%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">,</span><span style="left: 26.79%; top: 65.96%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 27.16%; top: 65.96%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.786925);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">2007</span><span style="left: 29.77%; top: 65.96%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">,</span><span style="left: 30.1%; top: 65.96%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 30.47%; top: 65.96%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">5</span><span style="left: 31.12%; top: 65.96%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">:</span><span style="left: 31.45%; top: 65.96%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.788418);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">30</span><span style="left: 32.76%; top: 65.96%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 33.13%; top: 65.96%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.829405);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">PM))).</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 24%; top: 67.05%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.786408);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">14</span><span style="left: 25.06%; top: 67.05%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 25.76%; top: 67.16%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.800997);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">See</span><span style="left: 27.72%; top: 67.16%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 28.09%; top: 67.16%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.788418);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">17</span><span style="left: 29.4%; top: 67.16%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 29.76%; top: 67.16%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.920314);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">U.S.C. §</span><span style="left: 34.45%; top: 67.16%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 34.82%; top: 67.16%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.785433);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">512</span><span style="left: 36.77%; top: 67.16%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.763129);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">(g) (</span><span style="left: 38.89%; top: 67.16%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.786925);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">2012</span><span style="left: 41.5%; top: 67.16%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.755205);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">).</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 24%; top: 68.25%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.786408);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">15</span><span style="left: 25.06%; top: 68.25%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 25.76%; top: 68.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.823886);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">Lenz</span><span style="left: 28.37%; top: 68.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">,</span><span style="left: 28.7%; top: 68.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 29.07%; top: 68.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.785433);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">572</span><span style="left: 31.02%; top: 68.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 31.39%; top: 68.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.86671);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">F. Supp.</span><span style="left: 36.03%; top: 68.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 36.39%; top: 68.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">2</span><span style="left: 37.05%; top: 68.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.85619);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">d at</span><span style="left: 39.23%; top: 68.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 39.6%; top: 68.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.786925);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">1152</span><span style="left: 42.22%; top: 68.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">.</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 24%; top: 69.46%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.786408);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">16</span><span style="left: 25.06%; top: 69.46%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 25.76%; top: 69.56%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.800997);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">See</span><span style="left: 27.72%; top: 69.56%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 28.35%; top: 69.56%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.905071);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">Order Granting Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss with Leave to Amend,</span><span style="left: 69.81%; top: 69.56%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 70.41%; top: 69.56%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.823886);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">Lenz</span><span style="left: 73.02%; top: 69.56%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">,</span><span style="left: 73.35%; top: 69.56%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 73.95%; top: 69.56%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.785433);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">572</span><span style="left: 75.91%; top: 69.56%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 76.5%; top: 69.56%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.924652);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">F.</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 70.76%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.844644);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">Supp.</span><span style="left: 25.7%; top: 70.76%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 26.2%; top: 70.76%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">2</span><span style="left: 26.84%; top: 70.76%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">d</span><span style="left: 27.57%; top: 70.76%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 28.06%; top: 70.76%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.8511);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">1150 (No. 07-03783), 2008 WL 962102 [</span><span style="left: 50.9%; top: 70.76%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.841207);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">herinafter Order].</span><span style="left: 60.93%; top: 70.76%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 61.99%; top: 70.76%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.88553);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">Initially, Lenz also claimed</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 71.95%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.911143);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">tortious interference with her contract with YouTube and sought a declaratory judgment of</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 73.16%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.839019);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">noninfringement.</span><span style="left: 32.1%; top: 73.16%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 33.12%; top: 73.16%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.884856);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">Amended Complaint at</span><span style="left: 46.56%; top: 73.16%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 47.06%; top: 73.16%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">4</span><span style="left: 47.71%; top: 73.16%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">–</span><span style="left: 48.36%; top: 73.16%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">5</span><span style="left: 49.01%; top: 73.16%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">,</span><span style="left: 49.34%; top: 73.16%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 49.85%; top: 73.16%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.826647);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">Lenz</span><span style="left: 52.47%; top: 73.16%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">,</span><span style="left: 52.8%; top: 73.16%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 53.3%; top: 73.16%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.785433);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">572</span><span style="left: 55.26%; top: 73.16%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 55.73%; top: 73.16%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.891963);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">F. Supp</span><span style="left: 60.13%; top: 73.16%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.876936);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">. 2</span><span style="left: 61.58%; top: 73.16%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">d</span><span style="left: 62.3%; top: 73.16%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 62.77%; top: 73.16%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.786925);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">1150</span><span style="left: 65.39%; top: 73.16%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 65.85%; top: 73.16%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.861462);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">(No.</span><span style="left: 68.29%; top: 73.16%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 68.75%; top: 73.16%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.800586);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">07-03783</span><span style="left: 73.75%; top: 73.16%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">)</span><span style="left: 74.13%; top: 73.16%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.820872);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">, 2007</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 74.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.985382);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">WL</span><span style="left: 24.64%; top: 74.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 24.98%; top: 74.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.787408);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">2888482</span><span style="left: 29.56%; top: 74.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.854709);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">. The court granted Universal’s initial motion to dismiss, but granted leave to amend</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 75.55%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.866902);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">the misrepresentation and tortious interference claims.</span><span style="left: 54.32%; top: 75.55%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 55.64%; top: 75.55%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.852081);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">Order,</span><span style="left: 59.21%; top: 75.55%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 59.83%; top: 75.55%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.815904);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">supra</span><span style="left: 62.88%; top: 75.55%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05888);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">, at *</span><span style="left: 66.26%; top: 75.55%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">5</span><span style="left: 66.92%; top: 75.55%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">–</span><span style="left: 67.58%; top: 75.55%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">6</span><span style="left: 68.23%; top: 75.55%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">.</span><span style="left: 68.55%; top: 75.55%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 69.86%; top: 75.55%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.893921);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">The eventual</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 76.76%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.880183);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">amended complaint included only the misrepresentation claim.</span><span style="left: 59.26%; top: 76.76%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 60.56%; top: 76.76%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.885811);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">Second Amended Complaint,</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 22.47%; top: 77.95%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.823886);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">Lenz</span><span style="left: 25.08%; top: 77.95%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.870085);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">, No</span><span style="left: 27.47%; top: 77.95%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.806756);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">. C 07-03783, 2008</span><span style="left: 37.67%; top: 77.95%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 38%; top: 77.95%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.986032);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">WL</span><span style="left: 40.17%; top: 77.95%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 40.51%; top: 77.95%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.787139);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">2810556</span><span style="left: 45.08%; top: 77.95%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 45.4%; top: 77.95%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.845434);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">(N.D. Cal. Apr. 18, 2008).</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 24%; top: 79.05%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.786408);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">17</span><span style="left: 25.06%; top: 79.05%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 25.76%; top: 79.15%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.823886);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">Lenz</span><span style="left: 28.37%; top: 79.15%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">,</span><span style="left: 28.7%; top: 79.15%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 29.07%; top: 79.15%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.785433);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">572</span><span style="left: 31.02%; top: 79.15%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 31.39%; top: 79.15%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.86671);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">F. Supp.</span><span style="left: 36.03%; top: 79.15%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 36.39%; top: 79.15%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">2</span><span style="left: 37.05%; top: 79.15%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.85619);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">d at</span><span style="left: 39.23%; top: 79.15%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 39.6%; top: 79.15%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.786925);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">1154</span><span style="left: 42.22%; top: 79.15%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">.</span><br role="presentation"><span style="left: 24%; top: 80.25%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.786408);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">18</span><span style="left: 25.06%; top: 80.25%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*6.48px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 25.76%; top: 80.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.923611);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">Id.</span><span style="left: 27.39%; top: 80.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 27.75%; top: 80.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.817172);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">(citing</span><span style="left: 31.25%; top: 80.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 31.62%; top: 80.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.788418);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">17</span><span style="left: 32.93%; top: 80.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 33.29%; top: 80.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.921313);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">U.S.C. §</span><span style="left: 37.98%; top: 80.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr"> </span><span style="left: 38.35%; top: 80.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.785433);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">512</span><span style="left: 40.3%; top: 80.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.743354);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">(c)(</span><span style="left: 41.98%; top: 80.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif;" role="presentation" dir="ltr">3</span><span style="left: 42.63%; top: 80.36%; font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*7.98px); font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.814558);" role="presentation" dir="ltr">)(A)(v)).</span><div class="endOfContent"></div></div><div class="annotationLayer" hidden=""></div><div class="annotationEditorLayer" tabindex="0" style="pointer-events: none; width: calc(var(--scale-factor) * 612px); height: calc(var(--scale-factor) * 792px);" data-main-rotation="0" hidden=""></div></div><div class="page" data-page-number="3" role="region" style="width: calc(var(--scale-factor) * 612px); height: calc(var(--scale-factor) * 792px);" aria-label="Page 3"></div><div class="page" data-page-number="4" role="region" style="width: calc(var(--scale-factor) * 612px); height: calc(var(--scale-factor) * 792px);" aria-label="Page 4"></div><div class="page" data-page-number="5" role="region" style="width: calc(var(--scale-factor) * 612px); height: calc(var(--scale-factor) * 792px);" aria-label="Page 5"></div><div class="page" data-page-number="6" role="region" style="width: calc(var(--scale-factor) * 612px); height: calc(var(--scale-factor) * 792px);" aria-label="Page 6"></div><div class="page" data-page-number="7" role="region" style="width: calc(var(--scale-factor) * 612px); height: calc(var(--scale-factor) * 792px);" aria-label="Page 7"></div><div class="page" data-page-number="8" role="region" style="width: calc(var(--scale-factor) * 612px); height: calc(var(--scale-factor) * 792px);" aria-label="Page 8"></div></div>
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